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A critique of special interest is Benjamin P. The 1860 and 1864 presidential elections are detailed in Arthur M. He expressed his democratic ideals most famously at the dedication of a cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, site of the battle of the Civil War where the Confederate armies had been turned back from their northernmost point. Lincoln stated that �the world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here’, but expressed the hope that �government of the people, by the

standing in the East. When the Republican National Convention met to choose its presidential candida te for 1860, Lincoln was the first or second choice of most delegations. As a result, when serious objections were raised against other first choices, many turned to Lincoln. That he stood well in the states which the Republicans had lost in 1856 also helped; the bargains and promises which Lincoln's managers made did the rest. He was nominated on the third ballot. The split in the Democratic

the security and rights of slavery everywhere; to Northerners it was a matter of morals and democratic obligations. Tempers flared and the crisis developed. The basic issues, however, were not eliminated. Four years later Stephen A. sovereignty" and "with all questions pertaining to slavery … left to the decision of the people," reopened the whole bitter struggle. of the Missouri Compromise, brought Lincoln back into politics. He had always viewed slavery as a "moral, social and political

with the fate of the national Democratic party in the balance. It would not be like earlier elections, for Illinois had grown rapidly and the population majority had shifted from the southern part of the state to the central and northern areas. In these growing areas the new Republican party had gained a large majority and offered, in Abraham Lincoln, a rival candida te of proven ability. Some Republicans in the East thought that Douglas should not be opposed, because of his stand on Kansas;

edited by Roy P. (1947), edited by Paul M. Angle, is one of many anthologies of selected writings. (1970), arranged by David Flowden and the editors of Viking Press, is a handsome book that gives a portrait of Lincoln's entire life through his own words and includes hundreds of photographs. The literature on Lincoln is enormous and still growing. A useful bibliography is Paul M. 1939), all condensed into one volume in 1954. Among the many good biographies are older works: W. 1889); the

people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth’. Lincoln's magnificent oratory may conceal more than it reveals. In particular he was not a principled opponent of slavery, but rather a principled defender of the Union. He was also a master of manipulation, being one of the most effective hammerers of the wedge between Northern and Southern Democrats, which led to the splintering of the Democrats in the 1860 presidential election and to Lincoln's election on under 40 per cent of

private as well as public wrongs. made no appointments to the Supreme Court, but he filled many lower federal judgeships and other court offices and the entire judiciary of all the southern states with whites, predominantly pardoned ex�Confederates. Though the Court after 1865 remained dominated by Lincoln's appointees, most justices shared only some of his views on the need for race�blind equality under state laws as a primary ingredient in federal rights. The Supreme Court began to lose

convention that year he delivered what many have considered his greatest speech. Thus, Lincoln had made himself the outstanding leader of the new party. At the party's first national convention in Philadelphia, he received 110 votes for vice president on the first ballot. Though he was not chosen, he had been recognized as an important national figure. soon centered national attention on Illinois. Lecompton Constitution>, had returned to wage his fight for reelection to the Senate. struggle,